Articolo di Luca Rinaldi, Fonte Linkiesta
Dalle politiche sull’alcol negli Stati Uniti degli anni ’20 alla cannabis dei giorni nostri. Il proibizionismo ha sempre fallito e le prove sono davanti agli occhi di tutti e nei numeri delle polizie
Se c’è qualcosa che ha dimostrato nel corso del ‘900 e anche nel nuovo millennio di essere uno degli emblemi della parola fallimento questa è il proibizionismo. Dai tempi di Al Capone ai giorni nostri il proibizionismo non ha di certo stroncato traffici ritenuti illeciti dalle autorità e non ha abbassato il numero di persone che a quei mercati illegali si sono rivolti. Dall’alcool alle droghe pesanti, passando per la cannabis.
L’idea in testa al Senatore Andrew Volstead, promotore della legge sul proibizionismo negli Stati Uniti nel 1919 era quella che «I quartieri umili presto apparterranno al passato. Le prigioni e i riformatori resteranno vuoti. Tutti gli uomini cammineranno di nuovo eretti, tutte le donne sorrideranno e tutti i bambini rideranno. Le porte dell’inferno si sono chiuse per sempre». E invece ad aprirsi furono le porte del paradiso per i gangster, uno su tutti Al Capone, il “dittatore del crimine”.
Il boss non era di certo intimidito dai sequestri di alcool degli investigatori statunitensi, che poi provvedevano a far riversare nelle fogne le botti piene. Così l’idea di Volstead regalò un business miliardario ed esentasse alla criminalità. Altro che uomini eretti con donne e bambini sorridenti. Si andava agli “speak easy”, una sorta di club a ingresso con parola d’ordine e si beveva. Bar illegali dunque, e nella sola New York nel 1920, riporta il Museum of the City of New York, toccano quota 32 milacontro i 15 mila bar legittimi presenti prima del proibizionismo.
«I quartieri umili presto apparterranno al passato. Le prigioni e i riformatori resteranno vuoti. Tutti gli uomini cammineranno di nuovo eretti, tutte le donne sorrideranno e tutti i bambini rideranno. Le porte dell’inferno si sono chiuse per sempre»
Non eravamo che all’inizio dei ruggenti anni ’20 del gangsterismo americano, andato avanti per altri tredici anni con il consenso anche dei grandi industriali statunitensi, convinti che gli operai senza alcool sarebbero stati più produttivi e non avrebbero sperperato denaro nei bar preferendo acquistare beni che le fabbriche producevano. Non fu così e nacque anche un problema di salute pubblica: fecero la comparsa intrugli fai da te ben più nocivi per la salute che non l’alcool prodotto dalle dite specializzate.
Intanto il crimine organizzato entrato mani e piedi in quel business ci resta e prospera. D’altronde lo stesso Al Capone aveva ben compreso il favore: «Ho fatto i soldi fornendo un prodotto richiesto dalla gente. Se questo è illegale, anche i miei clienti, centinaia di persone della buona società, infrangono la legge. La sola differenza fra noi è che io vendo e loro comprano. Tutti mi chiamano gangster. Io mi definisco un uomo d’affari».
Nel 1929 fa la sua comparsa al Congresso una idea ancora più malsana: inasprire la norma sul proibizionismo estendendo il carcere anche ai consumatori di alcool e non solo a chi produceva, importava e vendeva. La tolleranza zero però non pagò, e anzi, fece vittime anche tra la società civile ormai schiacciata tra la criminalità e una polizia intransigente che andava di manganello e pistole all’interno dei locali e sulle strade su cui viaggiavano i carichi di alcool. Senza contare che si aprirono autentiche guerre tra bande che portarono a stragi ed esecuzioni in strada.
«Ho fatto i soldi fornendo un prodotto richiesto dalla gente. Se questo è illegale, anche i miei clienti, centinaia di persone della buona società, infrangono la legge. La sola differenza fra noi è che io vendo e loro comprano. Tutti mi chiamano gangster. Io mi definisco un uomo d’affari»
Il 1933 fu l’anno dell’abolizione al proibizionismo. Franklin Delano Roosevelt grazie alla pressione di Pauline Sabin, fondatrice dell’Organizzazione Nazionale delle Donne per la Riforma del Proibizionismo, abrogò il Volstead Act, rilanciando entrate tributarie e l’industria legale della produzione di alcolici.
A non finire invece è il proibizionismo sulla cannabis, e qui necessariamente tocca fare un salto in avanti e a casa nostra. Il prossimo 27 giugno alla Camera dei Deputatiprenderà il via la discussione sulla proposta di legge riguardo la legalizzazione della cannabis. Un iter sollecitato anche da un paragrafo della relazione annuale della Direzione Nazionale Antimafia del 2014 che recitava: «senza alcun pregiudizio ideologico, proibizionista o antiproibizionista che sia, si ha il dovere – si legge nella relazione annuale della Direzione Nazionale Antimafia – di evidenziare a chi di dovere, che, oggettivamente, e nonostante il massimo sforzo profuso dal sistema nel contrasto alla diffusione dei cannabinoidi, si deve registrare il totale fallimento dell’azione repressiva» o meglio «degli effetti di quest’ultima sulla diffusione dello stupefacente in questione».
La riflessione avveniva anzitutto nel quadro del dimensionamento del fenomeno: «il quantitativo sequestrato – annotavano i magistrati della Dna – è di almeno 10/20 volte inferiore a quello consumato – si deve ragionevolmente ipotizzare un mercato che vende, approssimativamente, fra 1,5 e 3 milioni di Kg all’anno di cannabis, quantità che soddisfa una domanda di mercato di dimensioni gigantesche».
«Nonostante il massimo sforzo profuso dal sistema nel contrasto alla diffusione dei cannabinoidi, si deve registrare il totale fallimento dell’azione repressiva o meglio degli effetti di quest’ultima sulla diffusione dello stupefacente in questione»
D’altronde i traffici di droga nonostante le restrizioni stanno vivendo una vera e propria età dell’oro. L’Agenzia dell’Onu si Droga e Crimine, l’UNODC, stima che 246 milioni di persone nel mondo facciano uso di droghe. 3 milioni in più rispetto all’anno precedente, si legge nel rapporto pubblicato nell’aprile di quest’anno.
Fermo restando la distinzione tra droghe pesanti e leggere, il tema non può sfuggire ancora una volta dal dibattito, perché le droghe illegali «sono il terzo business più redditizio al mondo, dopo il cibo e l’energia».
Una guerra quella alla droga che «ha consegnato un problema socio-sanitario al diritto penale, facendolo diventare una questione di ordine pubblico e, in certi casi, di sicurezza nazionale»
Una guerra, quella alle droghe leggere che ha avuto un risultato solo: il fallimento. La fine della politica proibizionista porterebbe un alleggerimento importante sul sistema carcerario e giudiziario. Sufficiente è il dato sulla differenza tra i detenuti accusati del reato più grave di associazione finalizzata al traffico di stupefacenti, 810, contro i quasi 18 mila accusati di detenzione e spaccio, la maggior parte piccoli spacciatori stranieri. Potrebbe essere di circa 9 mila unità l’aggellerimento sul sistema carcerario italiano con risparmi stimabili in 1.124.640 euro al giorno, ha scritto in una sua analisi il criminologo di Oxford Federico Varese. Un modo per indirizzare meglio i 180 milioni di euro spesi per le attività di contrasto alla droga e raddrizzare un altro clamoroso fallimento del proibizionismo: la caccia al pesce piccolo lasciando liberi i grandi trafficanti che gestiscono le transazioni di stupefacente da un punto di vista economico finanziario.
Un fallimento lungo cento anni che potrebbe averci insegnato qualcosa: proibire non funziona.
Presidente Associazione No Profit FreeWeed Board
Mail: direzione@freeweed.it
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