Con la mancanza di un regime comune per la distribuzione globale, il flusso di semi certificati di canapa è tipicamente “incerto, sciocco e caotico”: questa la dichiarazione di un coltivatore europeo a HempToday, aggiungendo che non vi è “niente di normale o prevedibile”.
In assenza di standard mondiali, la catena di fornitura dei semi di canapa si sviluppa a caso – e spesso spontaneamente – creando una situazione incerta che gli stakeholder non si aspettano di risolvere in tempi brevi.
Quel che è certo è che i fornitori di semi di canapa certificati canadesi, cinesi ed europei competeranno per soddisfare la domanda proveniente dal mercato statunitense in crescita nei prossimi anni, dicono gli osservatori del settore. Ma anche questo sembra essere un processo lento.
Domanda e sfide negli Stati Uniti
Le richieste di sementi e cloni per la stagione di semina del 2018 sono vivaci negli Stati Uniti, ha dichiarato Zev Paiss di HEMPmarket.place, un broker di canapa con sede in Colorado che vende semi di semina e altri prodotti sfusi. Ma “il fatto che non ci siano ancora quasi sementi certificate dagli Stati Uniti rende praticamente impossibile riempire molte richieste”, ha detto Paiss a HempToday. Inoltre, gli Stati che consentono la crescita della canapa industriale impongono agli agricoltori di importare i loro semi, con ingenti quantità di scartoffie, attraverso i dipartimenti statali dell’agricoltura, presentando un’importante sfida burocratica all’acquisizione di sementi, osserva Paiss.
La National Hemp Association ( NHA ) afferma che sta lavorando per superare i ritardi nelle spedizioni di sementi certificate per evitare problemi. Le parti interessate statunitensi hanno sofferto lo scorso anno quando le consegne, in molti casi, non sono arrivate fino a giugno.
La “propensione al ritardo” della DEA
“Data la propensione della DEA (Agenzia statunitense per la lotta contro la droga) a ritardare l’emissione di permessi di importazione di semi di canapa, qualsiasi ulteriore ritardo ci metterà in una situazione simile a quella dello scorso anno”, ha affermato Geoff Whaling, presidente del consiglio di amministrazione dell’NHA.
La NHA sta lavorando direttamente con l’ufficio del Procuratore Generale degli Stati Uniti, spingendo le importazioni di semi e altre questioni che sfidano la canapa industriale, ha detto Whaling.
Mentre il recente annuncio del primo seme certificato sviluppato negli Stati Uniti è un progresso positivo, secondo Paiss di HEMPmarket.place, le forniture del nuovo ceppo sono minuscole.
Le offerte sono fatte
Le offerte sono fatte. Bija Hemp e affiliate International Hemp Solutions (IHS), entrambe del Colorado, affermano di aver raggiunto un accordo per importare semi di canapa certificati dall’Europa attraverso una partnership con la Adams State University. Le parti hanno recentemente annunciato un accordo con l’Istituto statale di fibre naturali e piante medicinali della Polonia (IWNiRZ), ma la maggior parte di queste sementi andranno agli agricoltori locali nella Valle del San Luis, in Colorado, dove è in corso uno sforzo per costruire un grano di canapa e industria delle fibre, secondo Paiss.
Più problemi sistemici
Secondo la direttrice dell’Esecutivo NHA Erica McBride, i programmi di canapa degli Stati Uniti sotto il controllo federale che proibiscono la semina di semi attraverso le linee di stato portano a prezzi elevati, un’equazione che interessa molti aspetti del settore.
“I problemi relativi all’elaborazione delle carte bancarie e delle carte di credito e all’assenza di assicurazione sul raccolto funzionano per mantenere le superfici basse e costi elevati che a loro volta ostacolano gli investimenti negli impianti di lavorazione”, ha osservato anche McBride lamentando la mancanza di infrastrutture che rende difficile abbinare gli agricoltori ai trasformatori e produttori di prodotti.
“È lo stesso problema di pollo e uova che vediamo nel settore”, ha affermato McBride. “I problemi relativi all’elaborazione delle carte bancarie e delle carte di credito e all’assenza di assicurazione sul raccolto funzionano per mantenere bassi i picchi e costi elevati che a loro volta ostacolano l’investimento negli impianti di lavorazione.”
L’Europa insegue genetiche ricche di CBD
In tutta Europa i fornitori affermano di avere una forte domanda di sementi per produrre CBD. “Tutti chiedono ceppi con elevato CBD, nessuno dei quali è ancora registrato nell’UE”, ha dichiarato Hana Gabrielova, CEO di Hempoint, la società ceca integrata verticalmente che è un broker di sementi certificato. “Quindi stiamo facendo un sacco di spiegazioni a molti clienti che non ci sono semi registrati che sono stati allevati per alto CBD. Non ci sono garanzie circa i livelli di CBD in nessuno di quei ceppi certificati là fuori. ”
La mancanza di varietà di canapa CBD ad alta certificazione nell’elenco UE delle cultivar legali è attribuibile al limite di THC dello 0,2% osservato nella maggior parte dei paesi europei, ha sottolineato Gabrielova. “Le varietà sono registrate per la resa in semi o il contenuto di fibre, ma non per il contenuto di CBD”, ha detto. “Non c’è stato nessun allevamento fatto finora, quindi niente è ancora stabilizzato”, ha detto.
La varietà Finola rimane popolare
Finola, una cultivar finlandese “è ancora molto popolare perché è facile da raccogliere per il grano con normali mietitrici”, ha detto Gabrielova. I coltivatori italiani stanno inseguendo tali varietà di dioicus per soddisfare la crescente domanda di gemme di sensimilla, presumibilmente per alimentare l’ultima moda di usare canapa industriale – con basso contenuto di THC, alto contenuto di CBD – arrotolata in sigarette e dunque fumata. La mania è iniziata lo scorso anno in Svizzera, a cui è seguita l’Italia cercando di imitarne l’esempio, entrambe con quote relativamente alte per il THC rispetto ai valori permessi negli Stati Uniti. La Svizzera consente la coltivazione di cultivar fino all’1% di THC; L’Italia ha aggiornato il suo “livello di tolleranza” di THC allo 0,6%.
L’Europa deve ancora stabilire regole per la vendita di cloni o semi con alto THC, e non ha standard né un processo di registrazione legale per i materiali di base necessari per la produzione di cannabis medica destinata alle farmacie, ha aggiunto Gabrielova.
La promessa dell’Australia e della Cina
L’ apertura del mercato alimentare australiano dei semi di canapa alla fine dello scorso anno, con molti agricoltori che pianificano di espandere i loro campi per la stagione della semina di quest’anno, è promettente soprattutto per i venditori di semi cinesi. E mentre la Cina e le altre nazioni esportatrici vedono un enorme potenziale nel settore della canapa indiana, le fonti dicono che il mercato indiano si sviluppa molto lentamente a causa di strozzature legate al processo di autorizzazione.
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