I cannabinoidi sono stati collegati all’attività anti-cancro attraverso la ricerca preliminare. [1] Tuttavia, i meccanismi attraverso i quali esercitano questi effetti rimangono confusi.
Le terapie a base di cannabinoidi sono state implicate nella gestione di diversi tumori, incluso il cancro del pancreas. Il cancro al pancreas è una forma aggressiva di cancro e rappresenta il 7% delle morti per cancro negli Stati Uniti. Ha una prognosi infausta con una sopravvivenza a cinque anni di appena il 9%. Anche i regimi efficaci per il trattamento di questa forma di cancro sono limitati.
L’immunoterapia è spesso utilizzata nella gestione del cancro. Questo processo comporta la modulazione del sistema immunitario attraverso meccanismi come il blocco del checkpoint immunitario con l’obiettivo di migliorare i risultati del paziente. Tuttavia, l’efficacia sembra limitata per il cancro del pancreas poiché i tumori sono immunosoppressivi o resistenti al sistema immunitario. [2]
Un recente studio [2] condotto da ricercatori australiani e cinesi ha contribuito a far luce su come il tetraidrocannabinolo (THC) e il cannabidiolo (CBD) possono influenzare il cancro del pancreas.
Lo studio ha utilizzato linee cellulari e modelli murini di cancro al pancreas. I cannabinoidi hanno inibito la crescita delle cellule tumorali del pancreas e quindi hanno rallentato la progressione del cancro.
È stato dimostrato quanto segue:
- Il THC e il CBD hanno inibito la proliferazione delle cellule di cancro del pancreas umano. Il CBD ha mostrato un effetto inibitorio più forte rispetto al THC. Il THC aveva un’azione inibitoria sulle cellule tumorali più forte rispetto alle cellule stellate del pancreas ; nessuna differenza è stata osservata nel CBD.
- Il knockout della chinasi 1 attivato dalla P-21 (PAK1) ha bloccato gli effetti inibitori del CBD e del THC sulle cellule tumorali del pancreas, confermando questo percorso come meccanismo d’azione.
- Il knockout del PAK1 ha anche bloccato gli effetti inibitori dell’olio di cannabinoidi (rapporto 1: 1 di CBD: THC, di Aurora) sulla crescita dei tumori pancreatici, come dimostrato utilizzando un modello murino. Questo mostra ulteriormente il coinvolgimento del percorso PAK1 nell’attività dei cannabinoidi contro il cancro del pancreas.
- THC e CBD riducono la PAK1 e quindi limitano l’espressione delle cellule tumorali del pancreas.
Da questa ricerca è emerso chiaramente che i cannabinoidi hanno inibito il cancro attraverso la via mediata da PAK1. PAK-1 promuove la progressione, la crescita e la proliferazione del cancro del pancreas attraverso la segnalazione; è anche associato alla capacità dei tumori di sopprimere la risposta immunitaria.
Il THC e il CBD hanno anche limitato l’espressione delle proteine del ligando di morte programmata 1 (PD-L1). Le proteine PD-L1 impediscono alle cellule immunitarie di uccidere le cellule tumorali. Pertanto, i cannabinoidi aumentano il blocco del checkpoint immunitario. [2]
Per quanto questa indagine fosse preliminare, può servire come base per la ricerca futura in questo settore. È ideale che vengano condotti studi clinici randomizzati per dipingere un quadro reale su come questi cannabinoidi possono essere utilizzati per aiutare a gestire il cancro al pancreas.
Riferimenti
- Dariš B, Verboten MT, Knez Ž, Ferk P. I cannabinoidi nel trattamento del cancro: potenziale terapeutico e legislazione. Giornale bosniaco di scienze mediche di base . 2019; 19 (1): 14–23. Journal Impact Factor: 2.05, Times Cited: 27 (Semantic Scholar)
- Yang Y, Huynh N, Dumesny C, Wang K, He H, Nikfarjam M. I cannabinoidi hanno inibito il cancro del pancreas attraverso la via mediata dalla chinasi 1 attivata da P-21. Giornale internazionale di scienze molecolari . 2020; 21 (21): 8035. Journal Impact Factor: 4.556, Times Cited: n / a
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